Area: 130,058 sq. km
Population: 55.8 million
Capital: Chennai (Madras)
Main Language: Tamil
Best time to visit: December to February

Tamil Nadu is the home of the Tamils and their Dravidian culture. Their history presents an exciting pageant of a powerful civilization whose origin dates back to ancient times. It is clear that the Tamils, who belong to the Dravidian race, were the first major occupants of the country and settled in the North Western part of India long before the coming of the Aryans. Excavations have revealed that the features of the people of the Indus Valley Civilization bore a strong resemblance to this race. However, with the advent of the Aryans, the Dravidians were pushed back into the deep south where they ultimately settled.

By the last centuries BC the region was controlled by three major dynasties - the Cholas in the east, Pandyas in the central area and Cheras in the west. This was also the classical period of Tamil literature - the Sangam Age - that continued for some three centuries after the birth of Christ. The Tamil Sangam is the one major source of knowledge about the administration, art, architecture and economic conditions that existed then. The domains of these dynasties changed many times over the centuries. At times other sovereignties became powerful. The Pallava dynasty was influential particularly in the 7th and 8th centuries when it constructed many monuments at Mamallapuram. Although all these dynasties engaged in continual skirmishes, their steady patronage of the arts served to consolidate and expand Dravidian civilization.

In the 13th century, with threats of Muslim invasions from the north, the southern Hindu dynasties combined and the empire of Vijayanagar, which incorporated all of South India became firmly established. However, in the 16th century, the Vijayanagar empire began to weaken and by the 17th century, Southern India was ruled by various provincial leaders, most notably the Nayaks, who continued the development of monumental architecture. In 1640, the British negotiated the use of Chennaipatnam (now Chennai) as a trading post. Subsequent interest on the part of the French, Dutch and Danes led to continual conflict and finally almost total domination by the British. Small-pocketed areas including Pondicherry and Karaikal remained under French control. Under British colonial rule most of South India was integrated into the region called Chennai Presidency. Many Tamils played a significant part in the struggle for Independence. In 1956, the Chennai Presidency was disbanded and Tamil Nadu was established- an autonomous state based on linguistic lines.

Temples with towering spires called gopurams are a common feature of this state, seldom seen anywhere else in the country. Temples in Tamil Nadu were the fulcrums of society and even today art forms that have their origin in religious worship continue to colour daily life. Notable among these are splendid bronzes of deities, painting on glass and Bharatnatyam, an evocative dance form. Madurai, Kanchipuram and Thanjavur are good examples of temple towns where within the temple fortifications grew a multi-layered society that preached faith and grew from social harmony. Quite a contrast to the temple heritage is provided at Pondicherry, for long a French colony. French is still widely spoken and seaside villas and cobbled streets are more reminiscent of the south of France than the south of India! Yet another facet of this surprisingly diverse state is two hill stations Ooty and Kodaikanal. Both are little patches of England, being much loved by the expatriate population of the Raj.

In a State where scenery and terrain is perhaps more varied than in any other part of the country, where the forested slopes of the majestic hills of the Western Ghats vie with the magnificent beaches of the Coromandel Coast, it is indeed difficult to decide which is the best feature of multi-faceted Tamil Nadu.

How to Reach -

For the visitor wishing to explore southern India extensively, Chennai, the capital is the most convenient point of entry. It has an international airport, a seaport and a rail and road network that links it to all major towns and cities of the region.

Chennai
Chidambaram
Coimbatore
Kanya Kumari
Kodaikanal
Madurai
Mudumalai
Ooty
Pondicherry
Thanjavur
Trichy

CHENNAI

Chennai, the gracious capital city of Tamil Nadu is the fourth largest metropolis in India. Located on a 17km stretch of the Coromandel Coast, the city is trisected by the waterways of Cooum and Adyar and the Buckingham Canal. It has grown from merging several small villages. It is also the principal harbour and has one of the finest beaches of the State. Though many still call it Madras, it is now officially known as Chennai. The city sprawls over more than 70 sq. km and rather than claiming a centre retains its former regional hubs.

Chennai is the home of the ancient Dravidian civilization, one of the oldest articulate cultures in the world. It is a city where the landscape of the past lives easily with more recent history. For more than 2000 years, the area has been popular with seafarers, spice traders and clothe merchants. The 16th century saw the arrival of the Portuguese, followed by the Dutch. In 1639 the British East India Company established a settlement in the fishing hamlet of Chennaipatnam. Fort St. George was constructed and George Town grew in the area of the fort. It was granted its first municipal charter in 1688 by James II making it the oldest municipality in India. Between the 18th and 19th centuries, French and British traders competed for supremacy. The French were forced to retreat to Pondicherry and the British established their control over the rest of the region. In the 19th century, the city became the seat of the Madras Presidency, one of the four divisions of British Imperial India. After Independence it continued to grow into what is now a significant southern gateway.

Popularly regarded as the "Gateway to the South", Chennai presents a culture that is distinctly different from that of northern India. Music, dance and all other art forms of the South are cherished and nurtured in this city which, though industrialized, continues to be traditional and conventional in many ways. This busy, efficient metropolis is a good centre to plan a journey over South India.

Places to See -

Fort St. George - raised by the British East India Company in 1640, the fort was a symbol of the ruling British power in India. This bastion achieved name from St. George, the patron saint of England. The 46m high Flagstaff here is actually a mast salvaged from a 17th century shipwreck. The Fort now houses the Legislative Assembly and the Secretariat of the State. The fort also houses the Fort Museum and St. Mary's Church. South of the Fort is the War Memorial, a graceful monument built in 1939 in memory of the warriors who sacrificed their lives during the First World War. The Fort Museum has a fascinating collection of memorabilia from both the British and French East India Companies.

St. Mary's Church - is the oldest Anglican Church in India built in 1680 and is the oldest surviving English Church in India. The tombstones in its courtyard are the oldest British tombstones in India. This ancient prayer house here solemnized the marriages of Robert Clive and Governor Elihu Yale, who later founded the Yale University in the States.

Kapaleeswarar Temple - located in Mylapore, this is an ancient Shiva temple constructed in the Dravidian style and has a massive and intricately carved gopuram (spire) towering into the sky. According to a legend, the Shaivite Saint Thirugnansambandar brought life back into a dead girl in this temple. This miracle of this incident is commemorated during the annual festival of the temple.

Marina Beach - the Marina is considered one of the longest beaches in the world and has a wide sandy foreshore. This wonderful promenade stretches from the Harbour southwards up to the San Thome Cathedral (13km). Situated on the beach are the Anna and MGR Memorials of the most popular former Chief Ministers of the State. An Aquarium is also located on the Marina Beach. It contains many species of tropical and marine fishes. Some of the most beautiful buildings in Chennai such as the University of Madras, Senate House, Chepauk Palace, Presidency College, PWD office and the Ice House are located on the beach drive. The Ice House is a memento to the British East India and was once used to store ice brought all the way from New England by Yankee seafarers for the benefit of the sun-baked businessmen in those pre air-condition days.

San Thome Cathedral Basilica - located at the southern end of Marina derives its name from St Thomas, one of the apostles of Christ who is believed to have come to Chennai. He founded a church on the site where the present cathedral stands. In 1606 the church was rebuilt as a cathedral and in 1896 it was made a basilica. The beautiful stained glass window portrays the story of St Thomas. There is a 3ft high statue of Virgin Mary that is believed to have been brought here from Portugal in 1543.

Sri Parthasarthy Temple - located in Triplicane, this temple is dedicated to Lord Krishna. Built in the 8th century by the Pallavas, it was renovated in the 16th century by the Vijayanagars. It is one of the oldest surviving temples of Chennai.

St. Andrew's Church - located near Egmore Railway Station, this church was completed in 1821 in the classical style. Its impressive blue dome is decorated with gold stars and there are excellent views from the 55m high steeple.

Government Museum - located on Pantheon Road, close to the Egmore Railway Station, the Museum was established in 1851. The buildings originally belonged to a group of eminent British citizens known as the Pantheon Committee, who were charged with improving the social life of the British in Madras. It has an interesting archaeological section representing all the major south Indian periods, a good ethnology collection and a bronze gallery that has a superb collection of Chola art.

Deer Sanctuary & Snake Park - this complex is situated adjacent to Raj Bhawan on the southern limits of Chennai city. This is the only sanctuary of its kind located within any city. In the Deer Park, there are a large number of the fast -dwindling black bucks. Other wildlife to be seen is jackals, mongooses, spotted deer, civet-cats and jungle fowl. The Reptile section has a good collection of rare snakes.

Theosophical Society - the world headquarters of the Theosophical Society, formed to facilitate and encourage the study of comparative religion, philosophy and science is situated in beautiful sylvan settings in the Adyar district. The society was founded by Madame Blavatsky and Col. Olott in USA and later moved to Adyar in 1882. Apart from shrines of all faiths and the peaceful 'Garden of Remembrance', there is a 95-year old library, which has a very good collection of rare Oriental manuscripts written on palm leaves and parchment.

Valluvar Kottam - is a memorial to the poet-saint Thiruvalluvar, whose classic work, the Kural, is reputed to be 2000-years-old. Established in 1976, the memorial is shaped like a temple chariot. It is in fact the replica of the temple chariot in Thiruvarur. A life-size statue of the saint has been installed in the 33m tall chariot. The 1330 verses of the Kural are inscribed on the panels of the chariot.

Elliot Beach - located near Adyar district, this beach is quieter than Marina. At its southern end is the Velanganni Church that honours the Madonna of Health. There is also a Hindu temple, the Ashtalakshmi temple nearby, which is dedicated to Lakshmi, the Goddess of Prosperity. The temple looks quite different from the usual South Indian temples, as it is a modern granite tier construction.

Around Chennai -

Cholamandal Artists Village - located about 18km south of Chennai, has a gallery of fine contemporary paintings and sculptures. Talented painters and master sculptors have settled here to work. Attractive paintings, drawings, sculptures, batiks and graphics can be bought from showrooms.

Muttukadu - located about 36 km from Chennai, these backwaters have been developed by the Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation to serve as a scenic picnic spot and a centre for water sports. In February every year, a windsurfing regatta is organised here. Competitions in windsurfing and other water sports are also held.

Covelong - also known as Kovalam, is a fishing settlement located about 38 km south of Chennai. It was originally a port built by the Nawab of the Carnatic, Saadat Ali and it was here that the French troops landed in 1746. It has a fine beach and the ancient fort here has now been converted into the Taj Group's Fisherman's Cove Resort, which offers facilities for windsurfing and swimming. An ancient Catholic Church, a mosque and the ruins of the Fort make interesting viewing from this hotel.

Crocodile Bank - located about 40 km from Chennai on the way to Mamallapuram, this is a successful crocodile breeding and research centre run by Romulus Whittaker. Here several species of Indian and African crocodiles and alligators are bred in captivity. The reptiles are kept in their natural habitat in open pools and can be viewed from safe proximity. This farm breeds crocodile to augment the crocodile population of India's wildlife sanctuaries.

Mamallapuram - earlier known as Mahabalipuram, this coastal town, located 58km from Chennai was the second capital and flourishing port of the Pallava kings of Kanchipuram. Though the dynasty's origins are lost in the mists of legend, it was apparently at the height of its political power and artistic creativity from the 5th to 8th centuries AD. Most of the temples and rock carvings here were completed during the reign of Narasimha Varman I (630-68) and Narasimha Varman II (700-28) and are dedicated to either Shiva or Vishnu. The sculptures here show scenes of everyday life - women milking buffaloes, pompous city dignitaries, young girls posing at street corners or swinging their hips in artful come-ons, in complete contrast to other carvings throughout the state that depict mostly gods and goddesses. Stone carving is still very much alive as about 200 sculptures line the streets and chisel their stone from dawn to dusk.

Places to See -

Shore Temple - is the lone survivor of seven such temples, the rest having fallen to the ravages of the sea. This temple is Originally constructed in the middle of the 7th century, it was later rebuilt in the reign of Narasimha Varman II in the 8th century. The spectacular 2-spired shrine is unique in that it houses shrines for both Shiva and Vishnu. Spanning 12 centuries of history, the Shore Temple stands as a symbol of the soaring aesthetic aspiration of the Pallavas and is now a World Heritage site.

Arjuna's Penance - is a relief carving on the face of a huge rock. It depicts animals, deities and other semi-divine creatures contemplating the descent of the Ganges from its source in the Himalayas as well as popular fables from the Hindu Panchatantra books. It is the world's largest bas-relief measuring 30m by 12m and is divided by a huge perpendicular fissure that's skillfully encompassed into the sculpture. Originally water flowed down the fissure, representing the waters of the Ganges. Many interpretations can be read into the stories depicted, but whatever the carving depicts, it's one of the most realistic and unpretentious rock carvings in India.

The Pallavas had perfected the art of sculpting rocks to build temples without using brick, mortar or timber and the five monolith Rathas (chariots) stand as the surviving masterpieces of Pallava sculpture.

Five Rathas - are sculptured temples in the style of Rathas (chariots). Set by the sea and carved from solid rock they provide another fine example of Pallava architecture. These structures were hidden in the sand until excavated by the British 200-years ago. The Five Rathas derive their names from the heroes of the epic Mahabharata, the five Pandava brothers and their collective wife Draupadi. These Rathas resemble pagodas and are mini-shrines chiselled out of big boulders in the form of temple chariots, but in different styles. The Rathas are namely - Draupadi Ratha, Arjuna Ratha, Bhima Ratha, Dharamraja Ratha and Nakula-Sahadeva Ratha.

Ganesh Ratha - is a rock cut Dravidian temple located north of Arjuna's Penance. It was once a Shiva temple but it became a shrine to Ganesh, the elephant-headed god after the original lingam was removed. It has a tiny yali (a mythical lion creature) pillared porch.

Caves - there are about 9 rock cut caves in the complex. Of these the most notable is the Mahishasuramardhini cave, contrasting the goddess fighting a demon on one side, and Lord Vishnu's cosmic sleep on the other, is a particularly remarkable one

Trimurti Cave Temple - located near the Ganesh Ratha, this temple honours the Hindu Trinity - Brahma (Creator), Vishnu (Preserver) and Shiva (Destroyer) - with separate sections dedicated for each deity.

Mandapams - there are many mandapams (pillared pavilions in front of temples) featuring fine internal sculptures, scattered over the main hill. The Krishna Mandapam is one of the earliest rock-cut temples that predates Arjuna's Penance. Its carvings of a pastoral scene show Krishna lifting up the mythical Goverdhan Mountain to protect his kinsfolk from the wrath of Indra, the rain god. The Mahishamardhini Mandapam has scenes from the Puranas (Sanskrit stories dating from the 5th century AD) with the sculpture of goddess Durga, in all her wrath. This is considered one of the finest in Mamallapuram. Above this Mandapam are the remains of the Olakkannesvara Temple that provides spectacular views of Mamallapuram

Sculpture Museum - contains more than 3000 sculptures by local artisans who work with wood, metal, brass and even cement. Some fine paintings are also on display.

Tiger's Cave - located about 5km north of the main monument complex, this rock shrine, possibly dating from the 7th century, is dedicated to goddess Durga. It has a small mandapam featuring a crown of carved yali (a mythical lion creature) heads.

Kanchipuram - located about 76km southwest of Chennai, this temple town is reputed to be the 'City of a Thousand Temples' and is one of the seven holiest cities of India. it was successively the capital of the Pallavas, Cholas, and the Vijayanagar rulers. It has a plethora of temples, each one unique in its own way. Of the original thousand, there are about 200 left. It is also famous for its weavers who till today weave saris using the best quality silk and pure gold thread. It has been the centre of culture and learning and Adi Shankaracharya, one of the famous Gurus of India had established his ashram here.

Temples to See -

Kailasanatha Temple - dedicated to Lord Shiva, this is the oldest temple of Kanchipuram. Built by Rajasimha Pallava in the late 7th century, it is famous for its beautiful sculptures. It reflects the freshness and simplicity of early Dravidian architecture. The inner sanctum has a prismatic lingam, the largest in Kanchipuram and the third largest in Asia. Fragments of the 8th century murals remind one of how magnificent the original temple must have looked. Non Hindus can enter the inner sanctum.

Sri Ekambaranathar Temple - dedicated to Lord Shiva, this is the largest temple of Kanchipuram, covering 12 hectares. Its 59m high gopuram (spire) and massive outer stone wall were constructed in 1509 by the Vijayanagars, though construction was originally started by the Pallavas, with later Chola extensions. Inside there is a 1000-pillared hall. The temple's name is said to be derived from 'Eka Amra Nath' or Lord of the Mango Tree' and there is an old mango tree in the premises claimed to be 3500-years-old. Non Hindus cannot enter the inner sanctum

Kamakshi Amman Temple - is an imposing temple dedicated to goddess Parvati in her guise as Kamakshi, the goddess to accedes to all requests. Here, the Goddess is worshipped in the form of a Chakra placed in front of the idol. There is a marriage hall with ornate pillars. An image of Adi Shankaracharya is also worshipped here. Sri Shankaracharya is said to have defeated Buddhist philosophers in debate here. The temple's Car Festival is held in February/March when wooden carriages housing statues of deities are hauled through the streets in a colourful procession.

Devarajaswami Temple - dedicated to Lord Vishnu, this enormous monument was built by the Vijayanagars. It has a beautifully sculptured pillared hall as well as a marriage hall commemorating the wedding of Vishnu and Lakshmi. One of the temple's most notable feature is the huge chain carved out of a single piece of stone. Within the temple tank a 10m high statue of Vishnu is immersed and every 40 years the water of the tank is drained so that the image can be viewed. In 1979, the last time such an event occurred, 10 million people reputedly visited.

Vaikunta Perumal Temple - dedicated to Lord Vishnu, this temple was built shortly after the Kailasanatha Temple. The cloisters inside the outer wall consist of lion pillars and are representative of the first grand 1000-pillared halls. Wall sculptures depict historical events of the temple, with explanatory details given in 8th century script. The main shrine, on three levels, contains images of Vishnu in standing, sitting and reclining positions.

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CHIDAMBARAM

This famous pilgrim centre is known for its Nataraja (Shiva as the Cosmic Dancer) Temple. It was a Chola capital from 907 to 1310 AD and the Nataraja Temple was erected during the later time of the administration. This small town is developed around the temple. Chidambaram is also known as Thillai, since the place was originally a forest of Thillai (Excecaria agallecha) shrubs. Traditionally, Chidambaram has also been a leading centre of Tamil scholarship.

Nataraja Temple - dedicated to Lord Nataraja, this ancient temple of the Cholas is unique as it is one of the rare temples where Shiva is represented by an idol rather than the customary lingam. The 22 hectare complex has four gopurams (spires) with finely sculptured icons depicting Hindu myths facing each of the cardinal directions. The temple is renowned for its Chola artistry and has since been patronized by numerous dynasties. The eastern and western gopurams depict 108 Bharatnatyam dance poses. The icon in the inner sanctum is a stunning piece of sculpture that evokes a sense of continuous movement. Though non-Hindus are not allowed inside the sanctum, replicas of this idol are easily available in most handicraft emporia and shops.

The other notable features of the temple are the 1000-pillared hall, the Shivaganga tank and several other shrines in the temple courtyard. A shrine to Govindaraja or Lord Vishnu lies adjacent to the main shrine and has a beautiful idol of the lord reclining on Adisesha, the serpent.

Of the many festivals that are held here the two largest are the 10-day Car festivals which are celebrated in April/May and December/January. The Natyanjali Dance Festival is held every here February and it attracts performers from all over the country.

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COIMBATORE

Coimbatore, situated at the foot of the Nilgiri Mountains, is the third largest city in Tamil Nadu and the most industrialised one. Known as the 'Manchester of the South', the city is situated on the banks of the river Noyyal. Prior to the 2nd century AD, Coimbatore existed as a small tribal village capital called Kongunad until it was brought under Chola control in the 2nd - 3rd centuries AD by Karikalan. When Kongunad fell to the British along with the rest of the state, its name was changed to Coimbatore and it is by this name that it is known today, except in Tamil, in which it is called Kovai.

Located in the shadow of the Western Ghats, Coimbatore enjoys a very pleasant climate the year round. The rich black soil of the region has contributed to Coimbatore's flourishing agriculture industry and it is in fact that the successful growth of cotton that served as a foundation for the establishment of its famous textile industry. The first textile mills came up as far back as 1888. It serves as an entry and exit point to the neighbouring State of Kerala and the ever popular hill station of Ooty. It is the disembarking point for those who want to take the Toy Train to Ooty that runs from Mettupalayam, just 35km from Coimbatore.

Places to See -

Perur temple - located about 7km from the Railway Station is a Shiva temple that was constructed by Karikal Chola over 1500-years ago. There are shrines to the presiding deity Patteeswarar and his consort Pachainayaki and some elegantly carved sculptures in the Kanagasabai hall. Devotees flock here in hundreds during the Panguni Uthiram festival, which is celebrated in March every year

Marudamalai Temple - located about 12km from the Railway Station, dedicated to Lord Murugan, this hilltop temple is one of the most visited temples in the region. The presiding deity Dandayuthapani, is believed to have performed several miracles here.

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KANYA KUMARI

Kanya Kumari, also known as Cape Comorin, is the 'Land's End' of India. The three seas - the Bay of Bengal, the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea meet here and a dip in their confluence is considered holy. It has a great spiritual significance for the Hindus. It's dedicated to goddess Devi Kanya, a form of Parvati, the consort of Shiva. Kanya Kumari is essentially a pilgrimage town. Chaitra Purnima (Tamil for the April Full Moon) is one of the best times to experience the sunset and moonrise over the ocean simultaneously.

Places to See -

Kumari Amman Temple - is the shore temple dedicated to the virgin goddess Devi Kanniyakumari (Parvati), who stands guard over the country. The legend of this temple is as romantic as the place itself. The temple is built at the spot where the goddess is believed to have done penance and waited for her consort Lord Shiva to come and claim her hand in marriage. Another legend says that the goddess single handedly conquered demons and secured freedom for the world. In May/June there is a car festival where an idol of the deity is taken in procession and in September/October the Navratri (9-nights) Festival celebrates Devi's victory over the demons.

Gandhi Memorial - is raised at the spot where his ashes were kept for public darshan (viewing) before they were immersed in the sea. The memorial resembles an Orissan temple and was designed so that on Gandhi's birthday (2nd October), the sun's rays fall on the place where his ashes were kept.

Vivekananda Memorial - is located on two rocky islands about 400m offshore. Swami Vivekanda meditated here in 1892 before setting out as one of India's most important religious crusaders. The mandapam (pillared hall) built here in his memory in 1970 reflects architectural styles from all over the country.

Close to the Vivekananda Rock is another rock called 'Sripada Parai' meaning "the rock that has been blessed by the touch of the feet of the goddess". Both these rocks are fine places from where one can have a view of the Land's End of India

Vivekanada Puram - is a museum that details the extensive journey across India that was made by the Indian philosopher Swami Vivekananda.

Around Kanya Kumari -

Suchindram - located about 13km northeast of Kanya Kumari, this impressive temple has ancient records inscribed in three languages - Tamil, Sanskrit and Pali. The temple dedicated to a deity who is the representation of the combined forces of Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma. The temple has a beautiful gopuram (spire), musical pillars and an excellent 6m high statue of Hanuman, the monkey god, apart from a valuable collection of art from different periods.

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KODAIKANAL

The hill station of Kodaikanal is located on the southern crest of the Palani Hills in the Western Ghats and at an altitude of 2100m. It is surrounded by wooded slopes, waterfalls and precipitous rocky outcrops. The journey up and down is quite breathtaking. It is the only hill station in India set up by the Americans, though they were soon joined by the British. American missionaries established a school for European children here in the mid-1840's, the legacy of which is the Kodaikanal International School, one of the most prestigious private schools in the country.

Kodaikanal has a bracing climate where temperature does not vary much from summer to winter. Fruits like plums and plantains grow abundantly on the wooded slopes apart from a wide variety of flowers, among which is the famous Kurinji flower which blooms once in twelve years. Its gentle slopping woods are abundant in bird life. A Summer Festival is celebrated in May every year, the highlights of which are the Boat race and flower show.

Places to See -

The Lake - is a star shaped lake spread over an area of 24 hectares and has been wonderfully landscaped. Boating facilities are available and the 4km long promenade skirting it is very popular.

Flora & Fauna Museum - located at the Sacred Heart College is a 6km hike from the town centre, but definitely worth a visit. The Orchidarium here has about 300 species of orchids and other exotic plants.

Astrophysical Observatory - built in 1889, this laboratory stands on the highest point in the area. The observatory is used mainly for research in meteorology and solar physics. It also houses a small museum.

Bryant Park - is a botanical park situated on the eastern side of the lake. It was landscaped and stocked by a British officer after whom it was named. Cut flowers are exported from here. In month of May, the annual horticultural show in held here.

Kurinji Andavar Temple - is a small temple located 3km northeast of the Lake and is dedicated to Lord Murugan.

Water Falls - there are numerous waterfalls in the area such as Bear Shola Falls, Silver Cascade, Fairy Falls and Glen Falls, which are popular picnic spots.

Coaker's Walk - is a one kilometer walk from the lake that offers good views. It derives its name from Lt. Coaker, who had prepared the map of Kodaikanal. There is a Telescope House here from where visitors can have a panoramic view of the valley and nearby township.

Pillar Rocks - located about 7km from the lake, there are three rocks magnificently jutting into the sky to a height of about 400ft. the views from here are spectacular.

Around Kodaikanal -

Palani - located about 62km from Kodaikanal, is this hill temple dedicated to Lord Murugan. The temple has over 650 steps that lead to the inner sanctum where the image of the presiding deity is believed to have miraculous powers. This temple is so popular that an electrically operated winch was installed to carry sick and aged devotees to the top. There are fine views on the journey from Kodaikanal to Palani.

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MADURAI

Madurai is one of South India's oldest cities and the second largest of Tamil Nadu. Known as the Athens of the East, it is situated on the banks of the river Vaigai. It has been a centre of learning and pilgrimage for centuries. Tamil and Greek documents record its existence from the 4th century BC. It was also the seat of Tamil learning and the last of the three Tamil Sangams (Academies) flourished here nearly 2,000 years ago.

The city is said to have got its name from the drops of nectar (Madhu) that fell from Shiva's locks when he came to bless its people for constructing a temple for him. Originally named Madhurapuri or the 'Land of Nectar', the name later got modified as Madurai. From such legendary beginnings, the actual history of Madurai emerges sometime during 3rd century BC when it was the capital of the Pandyas who had trade contacts with Greece and Rome. The next major rulers of Madurai were the Vijayanagar kings who won over the territory in 1371. They appointed the Nayaks as governors who, in time, became powerful in their own right. The 200-year-old reign of the Nayaks marks the golden period of Madurai when art, architecture and learning, scaled new heights. In fact, the most beautiful buildings in the city including its most famous landmark, the Meenakshi temple was build by the Nayaks. Madurai then passed into the hands of the British East India Company. In 1840 they razed the fort that once surrounded the city.

Places to See -

Sri Meenakshi Sundereswarar Temple - located in the heart of the old city has long been the focus of both Indian and international tourist attraction as well as one of the most important places of Hindu pilgrimage. For the people of Madurai, the temple is the very centre of their cultural and religious life. It is a riotously baroque example of Dravidian architecture with gopurams (spires) covered from top to bottom in a breathtaking profusion of multi coloured images of gods, goddesses, animals and mythical figures. The temple seethes with activity from dawn till dusk, its many shrines attracting pilgrims and tourists from all over the world.

Occupying an area of 6 hectares, the temple complex has two main shrines one dedicated to Sundareswarar (Shiva) and the other to His consort Meenakshi (Parvati). The Kampathadi Mandapam (pillared hall) in front of the Sundareswara shrine depicts the various manifestations of Lord Shiva. The 1000-pillared hall in the complex houses the Temple Art Museum, which contains friezes, stone and brass images and the best exhibits on Hindu deities.

The most important moment in Madurai is the Chitrai Festival that is held in April/May, when the celestial marriage of Meenakshi and Sundareswarar is celebrated, drawing a huge crowd of people from all over the state.

Mariamman Teppakulam - is a tank located 5km east of the Meenakshi temple. There is an idol of Lord Vinayaka (a form of Ganesh) installed on a platform in the centre. It covers an area almost equal to that of the temple and is the site of the popular 12-day Teppam (Float) Festival held in January/February.

Thirumalai Nayak Mahal - is the imposing palace of the Nayak rulers built in 1636 in the Indo-Saracenic style by the ruler whose name it bears. The most remarkable part of this palace is the Swarga Vilas or Celestial Pavilion, a rectangular courtyard 75m by 52m that gives clues to the original grandeur of the building. The stucco work on its domes and arches in eye-catching.

Museums - housed in an old palace, the Gandhi Museum provides a clear historical account of India's struggle for Independence. It has a picture gallery, a gallery of relics, Khadi (a form of cotton) and village Industries section and a South India handicrafts section. Within the same complex is located the Government Museum.

Thiruparankundram Temple - is a rock cut temple located about 8km south of Madurai. It is a 6th century temple dedicated to Lord Murugan. It was here that the Lord married Deviayanai, the daughter of Lord Indra. It is also a place of Muslim pilgrimage as located atop the hill is a tomb of Sikander, a Muslim saint.

Around Madurai -

Rameshwaram - known as the Varanasi of the South, is a major pilgrimage centre for both Shaivites and Vaishnavites. It was here that Rama (an incarnation of Vishnu and the hero of the epic Ramayana) offered thanks to Lord Shiva on his return from Lanka and performed Puja (ceremonial prayer) to wash away his sin of killing demon king Ravana. The town is located on an island in the Gulf of Mannar, connected to the mainland by rail, one of India's' engineering wonders, the Indira Gandhi Bridge. The town lies on the island's eastern side. Although proximity to Sri Lanka results in a high security presence, Rameswaram has a decidedly laid-back atmosphere.

At the town's core is the Sri Ramanathaswamy Temple, one of India's most venerated temples. spanning 1.2 km, the construction of the temple began in 12th century AD with later additions over the centuries. It's a fine example of late Dravidian architecture and is most renowned for its four magnificent corridors lined with elaborately sculptured pillars. 22 theerthams (tanks) within the complex are believed by devotees to have particular powers. Only Hindus may enter the inner sanctum.

Gandamadana Parvatham - located 3km northwest of the town is a 2-storeyed shrine located on a hilltop reputedly containing Lord Rama's Paadam (footprints).

Kothandaraswamy Temple - located 12km from the town, this temple was the only structure to survive the 1964 cyclone that destroyed the rest of the village. An episode of the epic Ramayana relates that Vibhishana, the brother of Ravana, the king of Lanka, surrendered to Lord Rama at this spot

Dhanushkodi - 6km beyond the Kothandaraswamy Temple, this is the tip of the peninsula, the road seems to be going inside the sea. Lined with fishing communities, it has the best beach of the area.

Adam's Bridge - refers to the chain of reefs, sandbanks and islets that almost connect Sri Lanka with India. According to legend, these are the stepping stones used by Hanuman to follow Ravana, in his bid to rescue Sita, the wife of Lord Rama.

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MUDUMALAI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

Located in the foothills of the Nilgiri Hills, this 321 sq. km sanctuary is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve that includes Bandipur and Wayanad in the neighbouring States of Karnataka and Kerala. The sanctuary is home to chital (spotted deer), gaur, tiger, panther, wild boar and sloth bear. Also found in the sanctuary are jackal, hyena, mongoose, wild cat, civet cat, giant squirrel, flying squirrel & bonnet monkey. Otters and crocodiles inhabit the Moyar River. The sanctuary's wild elephant population is one of the largest in the country. The aerial population includes hornbills, woodpeckers, mynahs, barbets, parakeets and majestic birds like the crested hawk eagle and the crested serpent eagle. Nights are fascinating, especially during the month of April when the whole sanctuary is illuminated with millions of glow-worms.

The best time to visit is between December and June. Heavy rain is common in October and November and the sanctuary may be closed during the dry season February to March.

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OOTY

Located in the Western Ghats at an altitude of 2240m, Ooty, (short for Ootacamund) renamed as Udhagamandalam, is the 'Queen of Hill Stations'. Nature has been generous with this region which is by far the most beautiful in the state. Apart from coffee and tea plantations, trees like conifers, eucalyptus, pine and wattle dot the hillside and its environs. The entire plateau is full of splendid green downs and lofty hills of extraordinary scenic beauty and is endowed with a salubrious climate similar to the English summer.

Curiously enough, this slice of paradise remained unknown to the great southern dynasties and it took the British to discover it in the early 1800s. the first inhabitants of the region were, however, the Toda, the tribal people whose belief systems and practices centre on the buffalo. Today only 1500 Toda remain, their cone shaped shrines prominent throughout the hills.

The credit for modernizing Ooty and making it accessible goes to the British who constructed the first railway line in the area and made it the summer capital of the Madras Presidency in the early 19th century. Until about two decades ago Ooty resembled an unlikely combination of southern England and Australia - single storey stone cottages, bijou fenced flower gardens, leafy winding lanes and tall eucalyptus stands.

Ooty is a great place at any time - from April to June it's a welcome relief from the hot plains and in winter October to March, it's crisp and clear and the best time to come.

Places to See -

Botanical Gardens - established in 1848, this sprawling 50-acre garden includes a variety of orchids, ornamental and medicinal plants and trees as well as Italian and Japanese sections. There is also a fossilized tree trunk believed to be 20 million years old. At the eastern end of the garden is a Toda mund (hut/village) where Toda people display aspects of their traditional culture. The Annual Summer Festival held here during the month of May is an added attraction wherein flower shows and cultural programs are organised. Adventure spots like trekking also form part of the festival

St. Stephen's Church - located on the hill in Club Road, this church was built in 1829, consecrated in 1830 and is the oldest in the Nilgiris. Its huge wooden beams come from the palace of Tipu Sultan in Srirangapatnam. The attached cemetery contains graves of many an Ooty pioneer including John Sulivan, the founder of Ooty.

Race Course : The Ooty races, held during April-may-June every year, attract thousand of tourists and race-goers.

View Points & Peaks - among the many view points around Ooty are Elk Hill, Green Valley View and Snowden Peak but the most prominent is the Dodabetta Peak, which is the highest point in the district at a height of 2623m. On a clear day one can see as far as the plains of Coimbatore and the Mysore plateau.

Around Ooty

Coonoor - is located about 19km from Ooty down the mountain railway line at an altitude of 1850m. It is a small town with an equable climate that has made it popular as a hill resort in its own right with tea estates dotting the slopes. The main attraction is the Sim's Park, a small well-maintained botanical garden that has several varieties of plants not to be found in other hill stations. There are exciting walks for hikers. The Dolphin's Nose view point, about 10km from the town exposes a vast panorama, which encompasses Catherine Falls. Lamb's Rock is another place for stunning views. Other picnic spots around are Lady Canning's Seat, Law's Falls, Ralliah Dam and Droog.

Kotagiri - located about 28km east of Ooty is a quiet village and the oldest of the three Nilgiri hill stations. The climate is very salubrious as it is shielded by the Dodabetta ranges that receives much of its rain from the northwest monsoon. The resort is surrounded by tea estates and tribal Kota settlements.

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PONDICHERRY

Known in Tamil as Puducherry, this former French colony settled in the early 18th century is a charming Indian town with a few enduring pockets of French culture. Together with the other former French colonies of Karaikal (also in Tamil Nadu), Mahe (in Kerala) and Yanam (in Andhra Pradesh), it now forms the Union Territory of Pondicherry. It is situated on the Coromandel Coast in an enclave in Tamil Nadu's Arcot district.

Pondicherry has a long history dating back 2000 years when it was an important Roman trading post. The region was at various periods ruled by the Pallavas, Cholas and Nayaks. In the early 16th century the Danes set up a European trading post here at the invitation of the Nayak ruler. But it is the French connection that made Pondicherry famous. The French established their supremacy in this area by waging several battles against Dutch, the English and the Carnatic Nawabs. Francois Martin, established the modern city of Pondicherry between 1673-80

The French relinquished control of Pondicherry some 50 years ago, but reminders of the colonial days remain in street names, policemen's kepis (caps), the French accent that shows through in the pronunciation of English and Tamil words, a mixture of French words in ordinary conversation and research institutions and monuments named after and dedicated to French heroes.

Pondicherry is laid out in a grid plan. A north-south canal (now covered) divides the smaller eastern side from the larger western part. In colonial days the canal separated Pondicherry's European and Indian sections. The Aurobindo Ashram as well as the French institutions and many restaurants are on the eastern side, while most of the hotels are west of the canal.

Places to See -

Aurobindo Ashram - founded by Sri Aurobindo, a well known philosopher and saint, in 1926, this ashram is one of the most popular with westerners, and its spiritual tenets represent a synthesis of yoga and modern science. The ashram has a flower festooned samadhi (a tomb that is venerated as a shrine) of Sri Aurobindo and 'The Mother', a French devotee to whom the spiritual authority was passed on after the death of Sri Aurobindo.

Pondicherry Museum - has a collection including everything from Pallava sculptures to a bed slept in by a peripatetic Dupleix, the colony's most famous governor

Churches - there are several churches in the town. The Church of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception was completed in 1791. Its medieval architecture is in the style of many of the Jesuit constructions of that time. The Sacred Heart Church is an impressive sight with its Gothic architecture, stained glass and striking brown and white colours.

Temples - there are a couple of temples as well like the Sri Manakula Vinayagar dedicated to Lord Ganesh. This temple contains over 40 skillfully painted friezes. The Drowpathiamman Temple is dedicated to the presiding goddess of the region and is noted for its 24-day fire festival in July/August.

Auroville - located just over the border from Pondicherry in Tamil Nadu is the community whose international residents aim to develop a harmonious environment through the implementation of socially useful projects. It is the brainchild of 'The Mother'. Auroville has nearly 80 settlements spread over 20km and about 1200 residents, two-thirds of whom are foreigners.

Matri Mandir - was designed to be the spiritual center of Auroville. It has a meditation chamber lined with white marble and houses a solid crystal, reputedly the largest in the world and manufactured by the Zeiss company of Germany.

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THANJAVUR

Scenically one of the most enchanting districts in the State, Thanjavur was earlier known as Tanjore. It was the ancient capital of the Chola kings whose origins, like those of the Pallavas, Pandyas and Cheras, with whom they shared the tip of the Indian peninsula, go back to the beginnings of the Christian era. Power struggles between these groups were continual, with one or the other gaining ascendancy at various times. The Cholas turn for empire building came between 850 and 1270 AD and at the height of their power they controlled most of the Indian peninsula including parts of Sri Lanka. Though the history of Thanjavur is far older than the Chola period itself, it is during their reign between the 10th and 14th centuries that the city rose to dizzying heights, becoming the centre of Tamil learning and culture. Today, what remains of its glorious legacy are the temples of the Cholas, not less than 74 of which are around Thanjavur itself.

Set in a fertile delta, agriculture is an important industry and gives Thanjavur the reputation of being the 'Rice Bowl' of Tamil Nadu. It is a great place to be during Pongal, the harvest festival in January. Thanjavur is also famous for its distinct art style, which is usually a combination of raised and painted surfaces. Krishna is the most popular deity depicted and in the Thanjavur school his skin is white rather than the traditional blue-black.

Places to See -

Brahadeeshwarar temple - or the Big Temple is an outstanding example of Chola architecture. It was built by the great Chola emperor Raja Raja Chola I in the 10th century. What makes the construction so unique is the diversion from the usual temple building norms of having a tall gopuram (spire over the entrance) and a smaller vimana (the tower over the sanctum). Here, the vimana soars high while the gopuram remains stunted. The 65m tall, 14 tiered pyramid shaped vimana rises from a square base and is topped by a huge monolithic cupola carved out from an 81-tonne block of granite. The tower is a testimony to the engineering skill of the Chola architects who planned its construction in such a way that the shadow of the cupola never falls on the ground. In keeping the 'bigness' of the temple is the gigantic lingam in the shrine and the massive Nandi (Shiva's bull vehicle) at the portal.

The Archaeological Museum on the southern side of the temple courtyard, has some interesting sculptures and photographs that show the temple before restoration.

Thanjavur Palace - is located near the temple, dates back to the 1550s. The huge corridors, spacious halls, observatories and arsenal towers and shady courtyards of this vast labyrinthine building were constructed partly by the Nayaks of Madurai and partly by the Marathas. The Art Gallery in Durbar Hall has a good collection of granite and bronze statues of the Chola. The Saraswati Mahal Library next to the gallery has a collection of over 30,000 palm leaf and paper manuscripts in Indian and European languages. Also in the palace is the acoustically perfect Sangeetha Mahal or Hall of Music. The Royal Museum has an a mixed collection of regal memorabilia, head-dresses, weapons, manuscripts and musical instruments. The Bell Tower nearby is worth the climb for the views.

Schwartz Church - located east of the palace, this church was built in 1779 by Raja Serfoji in honour of Rev. C. V. Schwartz of the Danish Mission.

Around Thanjavur -

Nagore - located about 88km from Thanjavur has the Dargah (tomb of a Muslim saint revered as a shrine) of Hazrat Meera Sultan Syed Shahabdul Hameed (1491-1570), better known as Hazrat Mian. The tomb is almost 500 years old and is topped by a golden dome flanked by five minarets. The tank here is called Peer Kulam and is believed to have curative powers. The Dargah is visited by people of all faiths.

Velanganni Church - located about 90km from Thanjavur, is the site of the Roman Catholic Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health. This impressive white neo-Gothic structure was elevated to the status of Basilica in 1962 during the Pope's visit. This is one of the most popular pilgrim spots in this part of India. People of all faiths and religions come to this church to pray at the shrine. Many bring with them small gold and silver replicas of parts of the body to donate to the church. Velanganni is particularly crowded during the festival period in August-September. There is a small church museum which has a display of the offerings made by those whose prayers were conceded

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TRICHY

Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchy or Trichy whatever you call it, is situated on the banks of the Cauvery River. It is the fourth largest city in the State and was a citadel of the early Cholas. The Pallavas, Pandyas and Cholas all vied with each other to retain control over this citadel. When this empire collapsed in 1565, Trichy came under the rule of the Nayaks of Madurai and subsequently it changed hands from the Marathas, the Nawabs of Carnatic, the French and finally the British. But it was under the Nayaks of Madurai that Trichy prospered in its own right and grew to be the city that it is today. The city is a fine blend of the traditions and modern and is built around the Rock Fort. Apart from the fort there are several churches, colleges and missions dating back to the 1760s. With excellent infrastructure facilities Trichy is a good base to see east-central Tamil Nadu.

Places to See -

Rock Fort - the most famous landmark of Trichy is an 83m high rock, which is the only outcrop in the otherwise flat land. The most amazing fact about the rock is that it is one of the oldest in the world, approx. 3800 years, which makes it as old as the rocks of Greenland and older than the Himalayas. There are two main temples here - the Ucchi Pillayar Koil, a temple dedicated to Lord Vinayaka (Ganesh), at the summit and the Thayumanaswamy Temple dedicated to Lord Shiva half-way to the top, where the lingam is a projection of the rock itself. From the summit one can enjoy a panoramic view of Trichy. On the southern face of the rock are several beautifully carved rock-cut cave temples of the Pallava period.

Srirangam - located about 5km from the city, this is one of the most important Hindu pilgrim centers. The town is located in an island surrounded by the waters of the Cauvery River on one side and its tributary Kollidam on the other. It is known for the gigantic Sri Ranganatha Temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu. Temple inscriptions date its existence from the 10th century. Many dynasties have had a hand in its construction, including the Cheras, Pandyas, Cholas, and Hoysalas, Vijayanagars and Nayaks - and work still continues. At 60 hectares, the temple complex with its seven concentric walled sections and 21 gopurams (spires) is probably the largest in India. The largest gopuram, the main entrance was completed in 1987 and now measures an astounding 73m, the tallest in India. Non Hindus may go to the sixth wall but are not allowed inside the gold topped sanctum. There is also a small museum containing sculptures, bronze figures and plaques.

A Car festival is held here each January but the most important festival is the 21-day Vaikunta Ekadashi (Paradise Festival) in mid-December

Tiruvanaikkaval - located about 7km from Trichy it is known for the Jambukeswara Temple dedicated to Lord Shiva and Parvati. It was built around the same time as the Ranganathaswamy Temple. The temple has a lingam partially submerged in water, which flows from a subterranean spring in the sanctum sanctorum. The Lord's name Jambukeswarar is derived from a legend that an elephant once worshipped Him under the holy Jambu tree.

Churches - there are a couple of churches in the region. The Lourdes Church, completed in 1896 is modelled on the neo-Gothic Basilica in France. An annual procession, the Feast of Our Lady of Lourdes, is held in February for people of all faiths. The St. John's Church, built in 1812, has louvered side doors that open to turn the church into an airy pavilion.

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